geNorm is a collection of VBA macros for Microsoft Excel to determine the most stable reference (housekeeping) genes from a set of tested candidate reference genes in a given sample panel. From this, a gene expression normalization factor can be calculated for each sample based on the geometric mean of a user-defined number of reference genes.The underlying principles and formulas are described in Vandesompele et al., Genome Biology, 2002, 'Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes'.
The full article can be read at http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/7/research/0034/[n° 5 in ranking of all time most-viewed articles published by BioMed Central][download] [5901 geNorm downloads in 94 countries]geNorm is freely available for non-commercial, academic research to be conducted at a non-profit institution. Rights to use the software outside the license agreement (e.g. commercial use) can be obtained through PrimerDesign Ltd.
the geNorm VBA applet for Microsoft Excel (Windows version, v3.5)
a beta version of geNorm for Mac (thanks to Bastian Peter, Switzerland)
geNorm user manual an Excel file containing example calculations (normalization and error propagation)[geNorm detection kits]geNorm based detection kits are available commercially from PrimerDesign Ltd. Currently available are primer sets to detect a wide variety of Homo, Mus, Rattus, Caenorhabditis, Xenopus, Arabidopsis and Ovis normalising genes.For commercial entities, kits purchased from PrimerDesign Ltd. come with a limited licence to use the geNorm software in conjunction with the kit. [geNorm citations]The following 871 papers have cited the geNorm method.[discussion]An accompanying discussion group to foster discussions between geNorm users so that they can share experiences and solutions doing gene expression normalization can be found at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/genorm[feedback]"We have been using geNorm when examining cell wall synthesis enzymes in barley tissues and are happy with the results. Thanks for generating such a useful tool and making it universally available."Neil Shirley, University of Adelaide, Australia"I am extremely impressed with this approach to normalization."Chris Tse, Sagres Discovery, USA"I can no longer analyze my PCR runs without using geNorm!"Marie-Jeanne Pillaire, CNRS, France[reference genes]Frequently used reference genes are listed here, with links to their RTPrimerDB records (containing detailed info on primer sequences, published assay, etc.) in the real-time PCR primer and probe database (see [extra]).If you want your favorite reference gene also listed here, please submit your primer/probe sequences to RTPrimerDB and notify me by email.humanACTB, B2M, GAPD, HMBS, HPRT1, RPL13A, RPL32, RPS18, SDHA, TBP, UBC, YWHAZ mouseActb, Actg1, B2m, Gapd, Hprt1, Rn18s, Tbp, Ubc ratActb, Actg2, Alb, Gapd, Hmbs, Hprt, Ubc, Ywhaz cowGapd dogGapdh zebrafishbactin1 piggapd [RTPrimerDB]You are kindly invited to submit your validated primer (and probe) sequences to the real-time PCR primer and probe database (RTPrimerDB), so that other users can benefit from your expertise.The database is available at http://medgen.ugent.be/rtprimerdb/, and is described in Pattyn et al., RTPrimerDB: the Real-Time PCR primer and probe database. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 31(1): 122-123 (full text)[qBase]Based on the formulas outlined on this web site (manual and example calculation file), we have developped qBase software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR.
the geNorm VBA applet for Microsoft Excel (Windows version, v3.5)
a beta version of geNorm for Mac (thanks to Bastian Peter, Switzerland)
geNorm user manual an Excel file containing example calculations (normalization and error propagation)[geNorm detection kits]geNorm based detection kits are available commercially from PrimerDesign Ltd. Currently available are primer sets to detect a wide variety of Homo, Mus, Rattus, Caenorhabditis, Xenopus, Arabidopsis and Ovis normalising genes.For commercial entities, kits purchased from PrimerDesign Ltd. come with a limited licence to use the geNorm software in conjunction with the kit. [geNorm citations]The following 871 papers have cited the geNorm method.[discussion]An accompanying discussion group to foster discussions between geNorm users so that they can share experiences and solutions doing gene expression normalization can be found at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/genorm[feedback]"We have been using geNorm when examining cell wall synthesis enzymes in barley tissues and are happy with the results. Thanks for generating such a useful tool and making it universally available."Neil Shirley, University of Adelaide, Australia"I am extremely impressed with this approach to normalization."Chris Tse, Sagres Discovery, USA"I can no longer analyze my PCR runs without using geNorm!"Marie-Jeanne Pillaire, CNRS, France[reference genes]Frequently used reference genes are listed here, with links to their RTPrimerDB records (containing detailed info on primer sequences, published assay, etc.) in the real-time PCR primer and probe database (see [extra]).If you want your favorite reference gene also listed here, please submit your primer/probe sequences to RTPrimerDB and notify me by email.humanACTB, B2M, GAPD, HMBS, HPRT1, RPL13A, RPL32, RPS18, SDHA, TBP, UBC, YWHAZ mouseActb, Actg1, B2m, Gapd, Hprt1, Rn18s, Tbp, Ubc ratActb, Actg2, Alb, Gapd, Hmbs, Hprt, Ubc, Ywhaz cowGapd dogGapdh zebrafishbactin1 piggapd [RTPrimerDB]You are kindly invited to submit your validated primer (and probe) sequences to the real-time PCR primer and probe database (RTPrimerDB), so that other users can benefit from your expertise.The database is available at http://medgen.ugent.be/rtprimerdb/, and is described in Pattyn et al., RTPrimerDB: the Real-Time PCR primer and probe database. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 31(1): 122-123 (full text)[qBase]Based on the formulas outlined on this web site (manual and example calculation file), we have developped qBase software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR.
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